KINGDOM PLANTAE

All plants are multicellular, eukaryotic and photosynthetic.Plant biologists also use the term division instead of phylum but the two words are used interchangeable having one and the same meaning. Plants are categorized into two general groups according to the way they transport water: the nonvascular plants and the vascular plants. Vascular plants have a system where the plant can move water to distribute it to the whole plant. Vascular plants are able to grow bigger due to this ability, while nonvascular plants do not have a very complex water distribution system  and for this reason cannot support large growth which makes the smaller in size and are often found near the ground.

 

Phylum Bryophyta:

 

These plants lack conductive/vascular tissue which include xylem and phloem vessels this is what makes them nonvascular plants. They are small terrestrial plants that do not have true roots, stems, or leaves but they do have structures that resemble these features. The leaf like structures are arranged in a spiral from and have no cuticle. They are often found in places where water is abundant, this is because they require water for fertilization. Structures that they use for reproduction are called sporangium which produce spores that are moved around by rain or ground humidity.  Examples of these plants are Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts.

 

Phylum Filicinophyta:

 

This specific division of plant are vascular meaning they contain conductive tissues (xylem and phloem). These plants have true stems, roots, thin and long leaves. They can reach a height of up to 20 meters.They do not have seeds but instead contain sporangia which they use for reproduction through the spores that are produced. These spores can be scattered around by wind. An example of these types of plants are ferns.

 

Phylum Coniferophytes:

 

All coniferophytes are woody plants some are trees with one wooden trunk that has branches off the side, they are vascular plants, their leaves are waxy, long, thin needle like structures that are arranged in spirals often dark green in colour. These plants produce seeds in cones, which are not protected in a seed coat which makes them gymnosperms, meaning that they do not produce flowers. Example of these plants include pines and cedars.

 

Phylum Angiospermophyta:

 

Plants in this division produce flowers and fruits which protect the seeds inside this is the reason they are known as angiosperms or flowering plants. The seeds in these plants serve as the ovaries which develop into the fruit. The flowers are their sexual reproductive organ. They contain leaves which are usually shaped as a blade, and have a leaf stalk with veins on the surface, leaves contain a waxy cuticle. These plants rely on animals to transport their pollen such as bees and they are vascular, their veins are made up of xylem and phloem. Examples of these plants are apples, tomatoes, and melons.